3. What math topics are essential for entry-level ML readiness?

  • Linear Algebra: vectors, matrices, eigenvalues/eigenvectors, PCA.
  • Calculus: derivatives, gradients, optimization, backpropagation foundations.
  • Probability & Statistics: distributions, Bayes’ theorem, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, MLE/MAP.
  • These are core to understanding how ML algorithms actually work behind the scenes.

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